高效离子色谱柱后衍生法测定环境水体中过渡金属离子含量

建立了可同时分析饮用水中铁、铜、镍、锌、钴、镉、锰等过渡金属离子的方法。优化后的离子色谱条件:选用 Dionex IonPac CS5A色谱柱(4 mm×250 mm),以7.0 mmol/L 吡啶-2,6-二羧酸＋66 mmol/L KOH＋74 mmol/L HCOOH＋5.6 mmol/L K₂SO₄为淋洗液,流速为1.2 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃;以0.5 mmol/L 4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚＋1.0 mol/L 2-二甲醇胺＋0.5 mol/L氨水＋0.3 mol/L NaHCO₃为衍生液,流速为0.7 mL/min,紫外检测器波长为520 nm。结果表明,该离子色谱柱对以上过渡金属具有很好的保留和分离效果,衍生后的紫外检测手段具有优异的灵敏度和选择性。该方法稳定性良好,连续进样5针的相对标准偏差均小于0.79%;标准曲线线性关系良好,r≥0.998 8;方法检出限低,Fe³⁺为0.8 μg/L,Fe²⁺为4 μg/L,Cu²⁺为0.8 μg/L,Ni²⁺为3 μg/L,Zn²⁺为2 μg/L,Co²⁺为0.9 μg/L,Cd²⁺为16 μg/L,Mn²⁺为6 μg/L;检测结果准确,低、中、高3个水平的加标回收率均大于91.5%。该方法适用于环境水体中过渡金属离子的定量分析。     

Social network characteristics and resource access among formerly displaced households in Lira,Uganda

In rural African communities, the support of extended family, friends, and neighbours is essential in borrowing or leveraging land, labour, food, and money, especially at times of social and financial turmoil. Little is known, though, about the nature of the networks and the conditions under which they may generate greater support in post‐conflict communities. This study, conducted in the Lira district of northern Uganda, examined the composition, proximity, and size of the networks that households utilise to gain access to resources during and after resettlement. Network structures with more kin and co‐resident ties were found to offer greater resource access to households in post‐conflict settings. Furthermore, there was a lack of meaningful linkages outside of a person's own village, especially with regard to households whose head has no or a low level of education. These findings enhance understanding of the specific role of relationships in social support for resource access among households in post‐conflict communities.     

发电集团应对燃煤电厂超低排放的思考

新的《火电厂大气污染排放标准》全面加大了对火电厂大气污染物中烟尘、SO2、NOx的控制力度，收严了污染物排放限值。近期提出的煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划，进一步提出了燃煤电厂达到燃气机组排放标准的超低排放要求。解读了燃煤电厂推行超低排放的一些政策支撑、技术路线，从华电集团超低排放技术及应用实例出发，对超低排放技术实施过程中需要关注的问题进行了探讨，具有一定的参考价值。     

Reconciling reintegration: the complexity of economic and social reintegration of ex‐combatants in Burundi

The extent to which disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes initiated by state or multilateral agencies can realise the reintegration of ex‐combatants remains debated. While some consider that DDR should have the ambition to result in long‐term reintegration, others argue that DDR should focus on short‐term goals. This paper explores experiences with the reintegration of ex‐combatants in Burundi. It shows the interconnectedness of economic and social reintegration processes, and demonstrates that the reintegration of ex‐combatants cannot be seen in isolation from the wider recovery and development context in which DDR is taking place. Moreover, the case demonstrates that reconciliation and social reintegration are deeply interconnected, to the extent that social reintegration may fail if reconciliation is not taken into account. Rather than a debate between long‐ and short‐term goals, the focus should therefore be on increasing the understanding of reintegration processes and finding ways in which programmes can contribute to those.     

基于安全行车的高速铁路夕发朝至列车开行方案编制优化

针对京广高速铁路,研究基于安全行车的夕发朝至旅客列车开行方案优化问题。结合目前已有研究成果,对单线行车、转线2次、转线1次、等线运行四种开行模式适应性和安全性进行分析。分析列车运行径路,在安全行车、运行时间与停站要求的约束下,确定列车开行模式,以最佳旅行时间为目标函数,建立数学模型,得出优化的夕发朝至列车开行方案。根据开行方案和现有运营经验分析列车运行条件,提出高速线采用(8~10)min追踪间隔,既有线采用(10~12)min追踪间隔,速度系数为0.8,以最大化利用通过能力为目标,编制符合实际条件的列车开行方案。     

The establishment of a standard operation procedure for psychiatric service after an earthquake

This study presents information on the design and creation of a standard operation procedure (SOP) for psychiatric service after an earthquake. The strategies employed focused on the detection of survivors who developed persistent psychiatric illness, particularly post-traumatic stress and major depressive disorders. In addition, the study attempted to detect the risk factors for psychiatric illness. A Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) was designed by five psychiatrists and two public health professionals for rapidly and simply interviewing 4,223 respondents within six months of the September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. A SOP was established through a systemic literature review, action research, and two years of data collection. Despite the limited time and resources inherent to a disaster situation, it is necessary to develop an SOP for psychiatric service after an earthquake in order to assist the high number of survivors suffering from subsequent psychiatric impairment.     

Post-conflict health reconstruction: search for a policy

Despite increasing experience in health reconstruction in societies emerging from conflict, the policy basis for investing in the development of equitable and effective health systems in the wake of war remains unsettled. Consideration of post-conflict health reconstruction is almost entirely absent in donor policies on global health. Practically by default, health programmes are seen increasingly as an element of stabilisation and security interventions in the aftermath of armed conflict. That perspective, however, lacks an evidence base and can skew health programmes towards short-term security and stabilisation goals that have a marginal impact and violate the principles of equity, non-discrimination, and quality, which are central to sound health systems and public acceptance of them. A better approach is to ground policy in legitimacy, viewing health both as a core social institution and one that, if developed according to human rights principles, including equity, non-discrimination, participation and accountability, can advance the effectiveness and the quality of governance in the emerging state.     

Human behaviour and evacuation time for large underground comprehensive buildings during fire risk process

Human factors play an indispensable role in process safety during fire risk process. Fire evacuation of underground comprehensive buildings is a critical consideration for practical importance. Here, evacuation experiments were conducted in the Guangzhou East Railway Station Plaza, a large underground comprehensive building in Guangdong, China, with the plaza occupants as the participants. The evacuation factors, namely evacuation time and evacuee-selected evacuation routes, were evaluated using empirical equations (the Togawa model and the Melinek and Booth model) and evacuation modelling software (EVACNET 4 and composite occupant evacuation model). The experimental data were used to verify the empirical equations and evacuation models and to modify specific empirical parameters. The effect on escape route judgement and selection under emergency situations was analysed. The results demonstrated that direct access to outdoor exits could considerably reduce evacuation time. The experimental N and t_s were 1 person/m·s and 28 s, respectively. The total evacuation time was 281 s, and the EVACNET 4 and composite models’ simulations of safe evacuation were 285–290 s, which was consistent with the experimental data—validating the high accuracy and applicability of the models.     

Municipal hazard mitigation planning: a comparison of plans in British Columbia and the United States

This paper examines the extent to which 20 municipalities in the Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia have included provisions in their community plans for reducing natural hazard risk and vulnerability. Findings show that the plans are generally lacking in hazard related factual information, goals, and policies, and in mechanisms to promote plan implementation. The plans also do not compare favorably to municipal hazard mitigation plans in the United States. The authors provide recommendations for provincial/state and municipal governments with respect to improving the quality of municipal plans and their capacity to enhance public safety.     

Understanding recovery of small enterprises from natural disaster

This study, carried out among 251 small-scale firm owners by means of a cross-sectional survey, attempted to identify the factors affecting business recovery from disaster in a flood-prone area of Bangladesh. We selected the participants by using a convenience sampling technique, taking into consideration the characteristics of the firms, and the various enabling- and disaster-impact factors needed to identify those factors significant to business recovery from natural disaster. Results demonstrated that more than three-quarters (87.3%) of owners recovered their firms after disaster. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that a total of six variables had a significant impact on business recovery: two variables pertaining to the firms’ characteristics, namely, retail firms (OR?=?0.147, P?<?0.05) and the number of employees >4 (OR?=?0.094, P?<?0.01); two variables pertaining to enabling factors, namely, receiving loans (OR?=?0.232, P?<?0.01) and the perception of recovery (OR?=?16.178, P?<?0.01); and two variables pertaining to disaster-impact factors, namely, an income loss amounting to >BDT 2000 (OR?=?7.395, P?<?0.05) and permanent or temporary relocation of the market (OR?=?9.252, P?<?0.001). Results further demonstrated that almost equally half of the owners recovered their firms immediately or within 7 days after disaster (50.9%); the remaining 49.1% took longer. Multivariate analyses, on the other hand, significantly identified three characteristics, namely, 6–10 years of business operation (OR?=?0.267, P?<?0.01), 2–4 employees (OR?=?0.1.822, P?<?0.01), and a monthly income of BDT 5001–7500 (OR?=?4.167, P?<?0.01); two enabling factors, namely, institutional education (OR?=?0.400, P?<?0.05) and awareness of disaster assistance (OR?=?0.607, P?<?0.05); and two disaster-impact factors, namely, loss of human resources (OR?=?6.293, P?<?0.05) and interrupted supply of raw materials (OR?=?4.741, P?<?0.05). We concluded the study with discussions of a few policy implications.